Inappropriate Elimination Part II: Canines

Image courtesy of Mister GC at freedigitalphotos.net

House soiling is a very common problem, affecting up to 37 percent of dogs. As mentioned in our previous post about cats, house soiling can be either behavioral or medical in nature. Common medical problems that can lead to house soiling include diabetes, kidney disease, parasites, and dietary issues. Behavioral causes can range from insufficient house training to submissive behavior, excitement, territoriality, and anxiety. 

The first place to start is with an evaluation by your veterinarian to rule out any medical issue and to discuss possible behavior problems and solutions. Your veterinarian may recommend blood work, a urinalysis, and/or a fecal examination to rule out certain conditions. Sometimes, radiographs or an ultrasound is warranted. 

Treatment for inappropriate elimination in dogs revolves around first treating any underlying medical conditions, neutering if recommended, and/or training and behavioral modification. Careful monitoring of the dog and where he seems to prefer to go to the bathroom in the house in addition to noting any routines or interactions with other animals or people that seem to occur prior to house soiling can help you and your veterinarian determine the possible cause and proper treatment/behavior modification.

Inappropriate Elimination Part I: Felines

"Inappropriate Elimination", or urinating or defecating in inappropriate places, is the most common behavior problem reported by cat owners. From urination and/or defecation outside the litter box to urine spraying throughout the house, this is understandably an issue that can cause a lot of angst among cat owners.

Why do cats eliminate outside of the litter box? 
Although people commonly think this is a sign of revenge, that is not the case. Sometimes there can be underlying medical issues, such as inflammation or infection of the urinary tract that make it painful to go or inflammation of the colon or intestines. These can lead to increased frequency or urgency and decreased control of eliminations. 

In older or disabled pets, we also often see mobility changes that affect a cat's ability to get in and out of the litter box. Other times, litter box aversions can develop after something scary or repelling (perhaps a noise, a harsh odor, or a surprise attack from another pet in the household) results in a cat associating a negative experience with the litter box. Sometimes the root cause is simply an inappropriately sized box, dirty litter, a change to a different litter, or an inconvenient location of the box (at least in the eyes of your cat).  

What about urine spraying?

Urine spraying is another very common problem. This typically male cat behavior is often used to establish territorial boundaries, but it can be a result of frustration or stress. Most commonly, unneutered males are the main culprits.

What can I do? 
First, identify which cat in the household is having the problem, and take that cat to the veterinarian to rule out any medical problems.

Then, as long as everything checks out ok, analyze where your cat is going to the bathroom to try and find a common thread. Does he seem to prefer a particular texture? Is he using a location far away from other cats or the hustle and bustle of the rest of the house? If you have multiple boxes, is there one he prefers over the others? What makes that one different?

Some of the most common solutions for litter box aversion include:

• Trying a different litter (scent, texture, type)
• Changing the box size and/or location
• Changing the number of boxes available. You should ideally have one more box than the total number of cats in the house. 
• Adding or removing a cover from the litter box.

To discourage your pet from continuing to use an inappropriate area, make sure you are thoroughly cleaning and using an odor neutralizer anywhere there is inappropriate elimination. 

For spraying, consider neutering your cat (if he is not already). Try to determine if there is an outside influence, such as another cat that may be causing stress or territoriality, and make every attempt to eliminate that stress or deter the outside cat from coming on your property. Close blinds or shades if possible. 

If frustration or boredom seems to be the cause, consider increasing the amount of one-on-one playtime or adding toys to stimulate your cat when you are not around. You can also try placing newspaper in areas you want to discourage him from spraying (the sound is a deterrent). Putting your cat's food in the area where he is inappropriately eliminating and playing with your cat in the area may also help, in addition to decreasing access to the area when you aren't around.

More information can be found at Cornell Feline Housesoiling

Pet Nutrition

Pet nutrition is very important, and not all pet foods are created equal. The label on your pet’s food contains important information to help you choose the best food for your pet. The Association of American Feed Control Officianls, or AAFCO,  monitors the nutritional adequacy of pet foods and is a good indicator of pet food quality. If their stamp is on a bag of food, you know it has passed rigorous standards and contains all the necessary nutrients in the appropriate balance to keep your pet healthy.

Many people question whether wet or dry food is better. Generally, dry food is less expensive and is better at combating tartar build-up than wet food. Wet food can result in increased tartar buildup and dental disease, and, in some cases, increased wet gain. However, there are some instances in which wet food is more appropriate, for example in cats with urinary problems. If you have questions about your pet's diet, please discuss it with your veterinarian. They can help you deterimine which type of food is most appropriate for your pet and in what amounts. 

If you are looking for more information online, Dr. Remillard is a veterinary nutritionist and has a wonderful website at www.petdiets.com.

Obesity in Pets

Believe it or not, over 50% of pets are obese or overweight. That's not a good statistic! Obesity can lead to numerous health problems including osteoarthritis, insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart and respiratory disease, cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injury, kidney disease, many forms of cancer, and decreased life expectancy. Yikes!

The good news is obesity is reversible. Plus, if caught early, the risks of developing other obesity-related issues are greatly decreased. As part of your pet's annual exam, your veterinarian will evaluate your pet's body condition score, a measure of overall weight and health. However, you can evaluate your pet's obesity at home as well by asking yourself the following questions:

• Can you feel bone along your pet's spine? 
• Can you see or feel a waist line when viewing your pet from above or from the side?  
• Are you able to count his ribs? Can you feel your pet's ribs at all?  

If you answered no to any of these questions, your pet may be obese or overweight. Click on this link to the Association of Pet Obesity Prevention for more information on how to fight pet obesity. There are also several companies, including Tagg and Whistle, that make activity monitors for your pet similar to a Step Tracker for people. 

If you are concerned that your pet may be overweight, stop in for a weight check or call us and we can help you get your pet back on the right track!

The Marvin Memorial Walk

Animals end up in shelters for a variety of reasons, everything from economic issues, illness/death of an owner, family changes, moving, and more. The Rhode Island SPCA (RISPCA), like many rescues, is home not only to dogs and cats, but also to displaced exotics and even some farm animals. Their goal is to give as many animals as possible a second chance at a forever home, and the Marvin Memorial Fund is at the heart of it all.

Marvin was a very special dog who was given a very special second chance by the RISPCA. The “Marvin Fund” was established in the hopes of giving other dogs like Marvin, who are in need of food, shelter, or medical attention, a second chance.

The Marvin Memorial Walk for the Animals is the Rhode Island SPCA’s major annual fundraiser. It is being held at Goddard State Park on Saturday, August 23, 2014 at 10:00am (Rain Date: Sunday, August 24, 2014).  Please show your support for these animals in need by attending the walk and/or making a donation to the Marvin Fund.  The NorthPaws Parade is our team page to help raise money for this great cause. To donate, please click on this link: The NorthPaws Parade. Thank you and we hope to see you there!

Why am I so Itchy?

Pets become allergic to a substance when their immune systems begin to recognize certain everyday things (considered allergens) as foreign and dangerous, and their body overreacts to this stimulation. Allergens can either be inhaled, ingested, or from direct contact with a pet’s skin. After exposure to an allergen, pets will often develop itchy skin, runny eyes, ear infections, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea, snoring, swollen paws, or excessive licking. Many animals who are extremely itchy will become very uncomfortable and can develop secondary skin infections from the trauma associated with constant scratching. No fun!

An allergy can develop at any time in a pet's life, and the allergen can be one of any number of substances inside the house, in the outside environment, or in their food. Blood tests or skin tests may be performed to isolate some allergens, or your veterinarian may prescribe an elimination diet if they suspect a food allergy is the cause. There are some oral medications that can help decrease or eliminate symptoms, including antihistamines. In other cases, topical treatments or allergy injections may be warranted.

If you are concerned your pet may have an allergy, don't hesitate to contact your veterinarian. Allergies can be frustrating to diagnose, but it is best to catch them early before secondary problems arise. For further questions about allergies and the types of testing that are available, visit Spectrum Lab.

Stem Cell Therapy at NorthPaws

Stem Cell Therapy isn't just for science fiction movies anymore. We now offer this service at NorthPaws! Stem cell therapy has helped a significant number of dogs and horses, and NorthPaws Veterinary Center is one of only a few facilities in the area offering this procedure. 

In most cases, stem cell therapy is used to help treat osteoarthritis. Stem cells are the precursor cells of the body and originate from an animal’s own tissue. Using Vet-Stem, stem cells can be isolated from an animal's fat sample and then injected directly into the affected joints. Because the injected cells are derived from the animal’s own tissue, they are not seen as foreign matter and thus are not rejected by the body. The introduction of stem cells into a joint provides anti-inflammatory benefits, promotes the healing of damaged tissue, and helps slow the progression of disease. Want to learn more? Visit Vet-Stem for more information, or call us today to discuss how stem cell therapy might help your pet.